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According to Chinese pathology, there are three principal causes of the disharmony that brings about disease: external factors, emotions, and irregularities in day-to-day living.

External Causes

External causes embrace a range of environmental conditions: wind, cold, fire, dryness, dampness, and summer heat.

Wind causes movement and change. It invades the body to cause dizziness, twitching, stiffness, and convulsions. When combined with cold, it engenders colds, chills, flu, and fever. It is related to the liver and can cause epilepsy and stroke. Its effects are thought to be strongest in the Spring.

Cold constrains movement and warmth, often leading to stagnation. As well as possibly causing colds and chills when combined with wind, it can affect the lungs, resulting in expectorated mucus, and also affect the stomach and spleen, leading to vomiting or diarrhea.

Fire dries and its associated ailments include fevers, inflammations, constipation, and infrequent urination. Psychologically, it results in irritability, lack of concentration, delirium, and manic behavior. In children it can sometimes result in hyperactivity.

Dryness has a similar action to fire but with a tendency to dry body fluids. Symptoms include dry skin, cracked lips, a persistent cough with no phlegm, and constipation. Dampness brings feelings of heaviness and sluggishness. Typical symptoms include headaches, lethargy, bloating, nausea, and stiff, swollen, and aching joints.

Summer heat causes heatstroke, exhaustion, and dehydration. It can result in fever and nausea.

Internal Causes

The importance of a balanced state extends to the emotions and mind as well as the body. An excess or a lack of emotional expression can lead to a disharmony that will manifest itself in both emotional and physical symptoms. No particular emotion is regarded as good or bad -- any imbalance is seen as a potential cause of illness.

Joy in excess leads to over-excitement or agitation, injury to the heart, insomnia, palpitations, and hysteria.

Anger causes resentment, frustration, rage and bitterness, injury to the liver, headaches, high blood pressure, menstrual problems, and ailments of the stomach or spleen.

Sadness affects the lungs and the heart and also causes breathlessness, fatigue, lowered immunity, and insomnia.

Pensiveness is caused by mental overwork or intellectual overstimulation and may lead to obsessiveness. It affects the spleen and also causes poor concentration, lethargy, loss of appetite, and anemia.

Fear affects the kidneys, causing incontinence in adults and bed-wetting in children. It also reduces fertility, libido, and general immunity to infection.

Shock affects the kidneys and the heart. Imbalances also lead to palpitations, insomnia, and fatigue.

Lifestyle Causes

The Chinese desire for balance in all things naturally includes the way we live our lives. Again, excesses or deficits are seen as generators of disease.

Diet is very important in traditional Chinese medicine. A good diet is the foundation of good health and many ailments are cured simply by addressing basic nutritional imbalances. The ideal Chinese diet is comprised of food which is slightly warm to slightly cool in energy, such as fish, chicken, pork, beef, grains, cooked vegetables, and certain fruits. Certain hot foods, especially fried foods, and drinks such as coffee, tea, chocolate, as well as cold foods, including salads and frozen foods like ice cream, should be taken in very limited amounts. Salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol are regarded as toxins.

Exercise supports the flow of energy. Without it, the Qi will stagnate. Excessive exercise, however, will lead to lowered immunity. In Chinese terms, exercise takes the form of techniques such as Tai Chi and Qi Gong (pronounced chi kung), which focus on balance and concentration, the movements of the body being informed by both mind and spirit. Energetic exercise, for example aerobic exercise, has no role to play in the Chinese philosophy.

Excessive libido and repeated childbirth can damage the health by sapping Qi energy. They can also result in lower back pain, and failing hearing and eyesight.

Patterns of Disharmony

Disharmony may be caused by external and internal factors or the excesses and deficiencies of an unbalanced lifestyle. Depending on the nature of the root cause, a pattern of disharmony is set up within the body and mind. It is the diagnosis of this underlying pattern that is the basis of the Chinese physician's treatment.

There are numerous patterns of disharmony, many of which overlap, but most Chinese herbalists work from approximately 75 patterns, with innumerable further variations on these. The patterns themselves rest upon the Eight Principles: yin and yang, interior and exterior, cold and heat, deficiency and excess.

Yin and yang make up the basic guiding principle for diagnosis. Yang embraces exterior, heat, and symptoms and conditions related to excess. Yin embraces interior, cold, and symptoms and conditions related to deficiency. There are four potent imbalances: yang excess exhibits itself in fever, impatience, bad temper, headaches, rapid pulse, and high blood pressure. Yang deficiency often shows itself in night sweats, exhaustion, constipation, backache, and impotence. Yin excess, which is very rarely seen, manifests itself in lethargy, aches, shivering, fluid retention, and excessive mucus occurring in the lungs and nasal passages, in the bowel and as a vaginal discharge. Yin deficiency is exhibited in nervous exhaustion and tension, hot flushes, and fevers.

The words 'interior' and 'exterior' refer to the location of the ailment. Exterior conditions are caused by external factors and affect the skin, nose, mouth, and hair. Symptoms include colds and fevers, injuries, sweating and skin problems. They are usually mild and often relieved by inducing sweating, Interior conditions are more severe and are usually caused by emotional and lifestyle factors. There is a range of symptoms, depending on the organ affected, including constipation, diabetes, infertility, impotence, lowered energy, and heart problems. Treatment depends upon which organ is affected.

This article was excerpted from: 

The Ancient and Healing Art of Chinese Herbalism
by Anna Selby.

Info/order this book

About The Author 

Anna Selby is a freelance journalist and author whose work has appeared in Here's Health, Health and Fitness, and Healthy Eating. She is also the author of Aromatherapy and The Women's Complete Workout Book. This article is excerpted with permission from "The Ancient and Healing Art of Chinese Herbalism" published by Ulysses Press. Ulysses Press/Seastone Books are available at bookstores throughout the US, Canada, and the UK, or can be ordered directly from Ulysses Press by calling 800-377-2542, faxing 510-601-8307, or writing to Ulysses Press, PO Box 3440, Berkeley, CA 94703, email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Their website is www.hiddenguides.com

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